Review of analytical instruments for EEG analysis

Since it was first used in 1926, EEG has been one of the most useful instruments of neuroscience. In order to start using EEG data we need not only EEG apparatus, but also some analytical tools and skills to understand what our data mean. This article describes several classical analytical tools and also new one which appeared only several years ago. We hope it will be useful for those researchers who have only started working in the field of cognitive EEG

Design and throughput simulations of a hard x-ray split and delay line for the MID station at the European XFEL

This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and AIP Publishing. This article appeared in AIP Conference Proceedings 1741, 030010 (2016) and may be found at https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4952833.A hard X-ray Split and Delay Line (SDL) under development for the Materials Imaging and Dynamics (MID) station at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL.EU) is presented. This device will provide pairs of X-ray pulses with a variable time delay ranging from −10 ps to 800 ps in a photon energy range from 5 to 10 keV. Throughput simulations in the SASE case indicate a total transmission of 1.1% or 3.5% depending on the operation mode. In the self-seeded case of XFEL.EU operation simulations indicate that the transmission can be improved to more than 11%.BMBF, 05K13KT4, Verbundprojekt FSP 302 - Freie-Elektronen-Laser: Nanoskopische Systeme. Teilprojekt 1: Split-and-Delay Instrument für die European XFEL Beamline Materials Imaging and Dynamic

LHC On-Line Model

The LHC machine will be a very demanding accelerator from a beam control perspective. There are tight constraints on the key beam parameters in the presence of large non-linearities and dynamic persistent current effects. Particle loss in the LHC must be actively minimized to avoid damage to the machine. Therefore any adjustment to the machine parameters would ideally be checked beforehand with a proper modeling tool. The LHC On-Line Model is an attempt to provide such an analysis tool based mainly on the MAD-X code. The goal is not to provide a real-time interactive system to control the LHC, but rather a way to speed up interaction with the power of MAD-X and to facilitate off-line analysis to give results within appropriate time constraints. There will be a rich spectrum of potential applications such as closed orbit correction, beta-beating analysis, optimization of non-linear correction and knob settings. We report the status of the on-line model software which is at present being developed for the beginning of the LHC commissioning

The Northern Sea Route: National Patriotism and Business Interests

The article was submitted on 25.02.2022.Исследуется кампания по привлечению российских и зарубежных моряков к открытию морского пути в Сибирь, развернутая в 1860–1870‑е гг. сибирским золотопромышленником и общественным деятелем М. К. Сидоровым (1823–1887). Рекрутинговая кампания Сидорова является ярким примером попытки налаживания сотрудничества между сегментами имперской периферии в рамках частного коммерческого проекта без непосредственного участия имперского центра. Сидоров выступал в качестве третьей стороны в коммуникации имперских властей и местных сообществ, небезуспешно претендуя на роль самостоятельного, пусть и не всегда удачливого актора. Окно возможностей для предприимчивого промышленника открыли Великие реформы 1860‑х гг., запустившие процесс динамичной многоплановой трансформации империи, в который постепенно вовлекались и самые отдаленные окраины. Но если предприниматели из разных сословий воспринимали их как источник обогащения (экспорт леса, графита, морские промыслы и т. п.), то имперский центр относился к обширным северным владениям скорее как к бремени и не вкладывался в их развитие. В 1960–1970‑е гг. XIX в. транспортное освоение имперских северных окраин осуществлялось во многом благодаря специалистам из Великобритании, Объединенного Королевства Швеция и Норвегия, Финляндии, Лифляндии и Эстляндии. Северная периферия Российской империи все больше попадала под иностранное влияние, что вызывало тревогу как частных предпринимателей, так и государственных чиновников. В качестве одного из вариантов замещения иностранных моряков рассматривалась возможность обучения морскому делу представителей коренного населения российского севера.This article analyzes a campaign to involve Russian and foreign sailors in discovering a sea route to Siberia. The campaign was launched in the 1860s–1870s by M. K. Sidorov, a Siberian gold miner and public figure (1823–1887). Sidorov’s recruiting campaign is a perfect example of an attempt to establish cooperation between segments of the imperial periphery in the realm of a private commercial project while avoiding direct participation of the imperial center. Sidorov acted as a third party in the communication between the imperial authorities and local communities, successfully pitching himself as an independent, albeit not always successful, actor. The window of opportunity for the enterprising Siberian industrialist opened due to the Great Reforms of the 1860s, which launched the process of a dynamic and multifaceted transformation of the Empire. This process was gradually encompassing the most remote borderland territories of the Empire, including those in the North. But, unlike businessmen from different classes who perceived these territories as a source of enrichment (export of timber, graphite, sea-hunting industry, fisheries, etc.), the imperial center treated its vast northern territorial possessions as a burden and did not want to invest in their development. In the 1860s–1870s, the transportation infrastructure of the northern borderland or the Empire developed largely due to specialists from Great Britain, the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, Finland, the Governorate of Livonia, and Estonia. The northern periphery of the Russian Empire was increasingly falling under foreign influence, which caused concern for private entrepreneurs and government officials. A way to replace foreign sailors was training indigenous peoples of the Russian North in maritime affairs.Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 23–28–00868 «Сибирские и дальневосточные порто-франко в истории экономического освоения российской имперской периферии (вторая половина XIX – начало XX вв.)»

First Beam Based Aperture Measurements in the Arcs of the CERN Large Hadron Collider

The LHC injection tests performed in August and early September 2008 in preparation for the circulating beam operation provided the first opportunity to measure with beam the mechanical aperture in two LHC sectors (2-3 and 7- 8). The aperture was probed by exciting free oscillations and local orbit bumps of the injected beam trajectories. Intensities of a few 109 protons were used to remain safely below the quench limit of superconductingmagnets in case of beam losses. The methods used to measure the mechanical aperture, the available on-line tools, and beam measurements for both sectors are presented. Detailed comparisons with the expected results from the as-built aperture models are also presented. It is shown that the measurements results are in good agreement with the LHC design aperture

Beam commissioning of injection into the LHC

The LHC injection tests and first turn beam commissioning took place in late summer 2008, after detailed and thorough preparation. The beam commissioning of the downstream sections of the SPS-to-LHC transfer lines and the LHC injection systems is described. The details of the aperture measurements in the injection regions are presented together with the performance of the injection related equipment. The measured injection stability is compared to the expectations. The operational issues encountered are discussed

Beam emittance measurement with laser wire scanners in the International Linear Collider beam delivery system

Accurate measurement of the beam phase space is essential for the next generation of electron accelerators. A scheme for beam optics optimization and beam matrix reconstruction algorithms for the diagnostics section of the beam delivery system of the International Linear Collider (ILC) based on laser-wire beam profile monitors are discussed. Possible modes of operation of the laser-wire system together with their corresponding performance are presented. Based on these results, prospects for reconstructing the ILC beam emittance from representative laser-wire beam size measurements are evaluated

Beam Profile Measurements and Simulations of the PETRA Laser-Wire

The Laser-wire will be an essential diagnostic tool at the International Linear Collider. It uses a finely focussed laser beam to measure the transverse profile of electron bunches by detecting the Compton-scattered photons (or degraded electrons) downstream of where the laser beam intersects the electron beam. Such a system has been installed at the PETRA storage ring at DESY, which uses a piezo-driven mirror to scan the laser-light across the electron beam. Lat- est results of experimental data taking are presented and compared to detailed simulations using the Geant4 based program BDSIM.Comment: 3 pagesm 4 figures. Submitted as a conference paper for the Particle Accelerator Conference 2005 (PAC05

Mistletoe lectin dissociates into catalytic and binding subunits before translocation across the membrane to the cytoplasm

AbstractHybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the mistletoe lectin A-chain (MLA) were obtained to investigate the intracellular routing and translocation of ribosome-inactivating proteins. Anti-MLA mAb MNA5 did not bind the holotoxin but interacted with isolated MLA. This epitope was not recognized upon MLA denaturation or conjugation of MLA with the ricin binding subunit (RTB). Furthermore, the mAbs did not appreciably react with a panel of MLA synthetic octapeptides linked to the surface of polyethylene pins. A study of the cytotoxicity of mistletoe lectin, ricin, and chimeric toxin MLA/RTB for the hybridomas revealed that interchain disulfide bond reduction and subunit dissociation are required for cytotoxic activity of mistletoe lectin